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Standard library header <atomic> (C++11)

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Standard library headers

이 헤더는 동시성 지원 라이브러리의 일부입니다.

목차

클래스

(C++11)
bool, 정수형, 부동소수점, (since C++20) 및 포인터 타입에 대한 atomic 클래스 템플릿과 특수화
(클래스 템플릿)
(C++20)
비원자적 객체에 대한 원자적 연산을 제공함
(클래스 템플릿)
(C++11)
락-프리 불리언 원자 타입
(클래스)
(C++11)
주어진 원자 연산에 대한 메모리 순서 제약 조건을 정의함
(enum)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < bool >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < char >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < signed char >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < unsigned char >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < short >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < unsigned short >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < int >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < unsigned int >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < long >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < unsigned long >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < long long >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < unsigned long long >
(typedef)
(C++20)
std:: atomic < char8_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < char16_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < char32_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < wchar_t >
(typedef)
(C++11) (선택적)
std:: atomic < std:: int8_t >
(typedef)
(C++11) (optional)
std:: atomic < std:: uint8_t >
(typedef)
(C++11) (optional)
std:: atomic < std:: int16_t >
(typedef)
(C++11) (선택적)
std:: atomic < std:: uint16_t >
(typedef)
(C++11) (선택적)
std:: atomic < std:: int32_t >
(typedef)
(C++11) (선택적)
std:: atomic < std:: uint32_t >
(typedef)
(C++11) (선택적)
std:: atomic < std:: int64_t >
(typedef)
(C++11) (선택적)
std:: atomic < std:: uint64_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: int_least8_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: uint_least8_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: int_least16_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: uint_least16_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: int_least32_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: uint_least32_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: int_least64_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: uint_least64_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: int_fast8_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: uint_fast8_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: int_fast16_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: uint_fast16_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: int_fast32_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: uint_fast32_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: int_fast64_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: uint_fast64_t >
(typedef)
(C++11) (optional)
std:: atomic < std:: intptr_t >
(typedef)
(C++11) (optional)
std:: atomic < std:: uintptr_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: size_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: ptrdiff_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: intmax_t >
(typedef)
(C++11)
std:: atomic < std:: uintmax_t >
(typedef)
(C++20)
락 프리이며 대기/알림이 가장 효율적인 부호 있는 정수형 원자 타입
(typedef)
(C++20)
잠금 없는 부호 없는 정수형 원자 타입으로, 대기/알림이 가장 효율적임
(typedef)

함수

(C++11)
원자적 타입의 연산들이 잠금 없는 방식인지 확인합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++11) (C++11)
원자적 객체의 값을 비원자적 인수로 원자적으로 대체합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++11) (C++11)
원자적 객체에 저장된 값을 원자적으로 획득합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++11) (C++11)
원자적 객체의 값을 비원자적 인수로 원자적으로 교체하고 원자적 객체의 이전 값을 반환합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++11) (C++11) (C++11) (C++11)
원자적 객체의 값을 비원자적 인자와 비교하고, 같으면 원자적 교환을 수행하거나 다르면 원자적 로드를 수행함
(함수 템플릿)
(C++11) (C++11)
원자적 객체에 비원자적 값을 더하고 원자 객체의 이전 값을 얻음
(함수 템플릿)
(C++11) (C++11)
원자적 객체에서 비원자적 값을 빼고 원자적 객체의 이전 값을 획득합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++11) (C++11)
원자적 객체를 비원자적 인수와의 비트 AND 연산 결과로 대체하고 원자적 객체의 이전 값을 획득합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++11) (C++11)
원자적 객체를 비원자적 인자와의 비트 OR 연산 결과로 대체하고 원자적 객체의 이전 값을 획득합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++11) (C++11)
원자적 객체를 비원자적 인자와의 비트별 XOR 연산 결과로 대체하고 원자적 객체의 이전 값을 획득합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++26) (C++26)
원자적 객체를 비원자적 인자를 사용한 std::max 연산 결과로 대체하고 원자적 객체의 이전 값을 획득합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++26) (C++26)
원자적 객체를 비원자적 인자를 사용한 std::min 연산 결과로 대체하고 원자적 객체의 이전 값을 획득합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++20) (C++20)
스레드를 차단하여 알림을 받고 원자적 값이 변경될 때까지 대기합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++20)
atomic_wait에서 차단된 스레드에 알림을 전송
(함수 템플릿)
(C++20)
atomic_wait에서 차단된 모든 스레드에 알림을 전송
(함수 템플릿)
(C++20) (C++20)
플래그의 값을 원자적으로 반환합니다
(함수)
(C++11) (C++11)
플래그를 원자적으로 true 로 설정하고 이전 값을 반환합니다
(함수)
(C++11) (C++11)
플래그의 값을 원자적으로 false 로 설정합니다
(함수)
(C++20) (C++20)
스레드를 차단하여 알림을 받고 플래그가 변경될 때까지 대기
(함수)
(C++20)
atomic_flag_wait에서 차단된 스레드에 알림을 전송
(함수)
(C++20)
atomic_flag_wait에서 블록된 모든 스레드에 알림을 전송
(함수)
(C++11) (deprecated in C++20)
기본 생성된 atomic 객체의 비-원자적 초기화
(함수 템플릿)
(C++11) (C++26에서 사용 중단됨)
지정된 객체를 std::memory_order_consume 의존성 트리에서 제거합니다
(함수 템플릿)
(C++11)
범용 메모리 순서 의존적 펜스 동기화 기본 요소
(함수)
(C++11)
동일한 스레드에서 실행되는 스레드와 시그널 핸들러 간의 펜스
(함수)

매크로

(C++11) (C++20에서 사용 중단됨)
정적 저장 기간을 가진 원자 변수의 상수 초기화
(함수 매크로)
(C++11)
std::atomic_flag 를 false 로 초기화합니다
(매크로 상수)

시놉시스 

namespace std {
  /* C++20 이전:
  enum memory_order {
    memory_order_relaxed,
    memory_order_consume,
    memory_order_acquire,
    memory_order_release,
    memory_order_acq_rel,
    memory_order_seq_cst
  };
  */
  enum class memory_order : /* 미지정 */;
  inline constexpr memory_order memory_order_relaxed = memory_order::relaxed;
  inline constexpr memory_order memory_order_consume = memory_order::consume;
  inline constexpr memory_order memory_order_acquire = memory_order::acquire;
  inline constexpr memory_order memory_order_release = memory_order::릴리스;
  inline constexpr memory_order memory_order_acq_rel = memory_order::acq_rel;
  inline constexpr memory_order memory_order_seq_cst = memory_order::seq_cst;
  template<class T>
    T kill_dependency(T y) noexcept;
  // lock-free property
  #define ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE /* 지정되지 않음 */
  #define ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE /* unspecified */
  #define ATOMIC_CHAR8_T_LOCK_FREE /* unspecified */
  #define ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE /* unspecified */
  #define ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE /* 지정되지 않음 */
  #define ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE /* unspecified */
  #define ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE /* 지정되지 않음 */
  #define ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE /* unspecified */
  #define ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE /* 지정되지 않음 */
  #define ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE /* unspecified */
  #define ATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE /* 지정되지 않음 */
  // class template atomic_ref
  template<class T> struct atomic_ref;
  // 포인터에 대한 부분 특수화
  template<class T> struct atomic_ref<T*>;
  // class template atomic
  template<class T> struct atomic;
  // 포인터에 대한 부분 특수화
  template<class T> struct atomic<T*>;
  // 비멤버 함수
  template<class T>
    bool atomic_is_lock_free(const volatile atomic<T>*) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    bool atomic_is_lock_free(const atomic<T>*) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    void atomic_store(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    void atomic_store(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    void atomic_store_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                               memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    void atomic_store_explicit(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                               memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_load(const volatile atomic<T>*) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_load(const atomic<T>*) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_load_explicit(const volatile atomic<T>*, memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_load_explicit(const atomic<T>*, memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_exchange(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_exchange(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_exchange_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                               memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_exchange_explicit(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                               memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak(volatile atomic<T>*,
                                      typename atomic<T>::value_type*,
                                      typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak(atomic<T>*,
                                      typename atomic<T>::value_type*,
                                      typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong(volatile atomic<T>*,
                                        typename atomic<T>::value_type*,
                                        typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong(atomic<T>*,
                                        typename atomic<T>::value_type*,
                                        typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*,
                                               typename atomic<T>::value_type*,
                                               typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                               memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(atomic<T>*,
                                               typename atomic<T>::value_type*,
                                               typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                               memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*,
                                                 typename atomic<T>::value_type*,
                                                 typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                                 memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(atomic<T>*,
                                                 typename atomic<T>::value_type*,
                                                 typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                                 memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_add(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::difference_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_add(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::difference_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_add_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::difference_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_add_explicit(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::difference_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_sub(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::difference_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_sub(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::difference_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::difference_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::difference_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_and(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_and(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_and_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_and_explicit(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_or(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_or(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_or_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                               memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_or_explicit(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                               memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_xor(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_xor(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_xor_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_xor_explicit(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_max(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_max(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_max_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_max_explicit(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_min(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_min(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_min_explicit(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    T atomic_fetch_min_explicit(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type,
                                memory_order) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    void atomic_wait(const volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type);
  template<class T>
    void atomic_wait(const atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type);
  template<class T>
    void atomic_wait_explicit(const volatile atomic<T>*,
                              typename atomic<T>::value_type, memory_order);
  template<class T>
    void atomic_wait_explicit(const atomic<T>*,
                              typename atomic<T>::value_type, memory_order);
  template<class T>
    void atomic_notify_one(volatile atomic<T>*);
  template<class T>
    void atomic_notify_one(atomic<T>*);
  template<class T>
    void atomic_notify_all(volatile atomic<T>*);
  template<class T>
    void atomic_notify_all(atomic<T>*);
  // 타입 별칭
  using atomic_bool           = atomic<bool>;
  using atomic_char           = atomic<char>;
  using atomic_schar          = atomic<signed char>;
  using atomic_uchar          = atomic<unsigned char>;
  using atomic_short          = atomic<short>;
  using atomic_ushort         = atomic<unsigned short>;
  using atomic_int            = atomic<int>;
  using atomic_uint           = atomic<unsigned int>;
  using atomic_long           = atomic<long>;
  using atomic_ulong          = atomic<unsigned long>;
  using atomic_llong          = atomic<long long>;
  using atomic_ullong         = atomic<unsigned long long>;
  using atomic_char8_t        = atomic<char8_t>;
  using atomic_char16_t       = atomic<char16_t>;
  using atomic_char32_t       = atomic<char32_t>;
  using atomic_wchar_t        = atomic<wchar_t>;
  using atomic_int8_t         = atomic<int8_t>;
  using atomic_uint8_t        = atomic<uint8_t>;
  using atomic_int16_t        = atomic<int16_t>;
  using atomic_uint16_t       = atomic<uint16_t>;
  using atomic_int32_t        = atomic<int32_t>;
  using atomic_uint32_t       = atomic<uint32_t>;
  using atomic_int64_t        = atomic<int64_t>;
  using atomic_uint64_t       = atomic<uint64_t>;
  using atomic_int_least8_t   = atomic<int_least8_t>;
  using atomic_uint_least8_t  = atomic<uint_least8_t>;
  using atomic_int_least16_t  = atomic<int_least16_t>;
  using atomic_uint_least16_t = atomic<uint_least16_t>;
  using atomic_int_least32_t  = atomic<int_least32_t>;
  using atomic_uint_least32_t = atomic<uint_least32_t>;
  using atomic_int_least64_t  = atomic<int_least64_t>;
  using atomic_uint_least64_t = atomic<uint_least64_t>;
  using atomic_int_fast8_t    = atomic<int_fast8_t>;
  using atomic_uint_fast8_t   = atomic<uint_fast8_t>;
  using atomic_int_fast16_t   = atomic<int_fast16_t>;
  using atomic_uint_fast16_t  = atomic<uint_fast16_t>;
  using atomic_int_fast32_t   = atomic<int_fast32_t>;
  using atomic_uint_fast32_t  = atomic<uint_fast32_t>;
  using atomic_int_fast64_t   = atomic<int_fast64_t>;
  using atomic_uint_fast64_t  = atomic<uint_fast64_t>;
  using atomic_intptr_t       = atomic<intptr_t>;
  using atomic_uintptr_t      = atomic<uintptr_t>;
  using atomic_size_t         = atomic<size_t>;
  using atomic_ptrdiff_t      = atomic<ptrdiff_t>;
  using atomic_intmax_t       = atomic<intmax_t>;
  using atomic_uintmax_t      = atomic<uintmax_t>;
  using atomic_signed_lock_free   = /* 설명 참조 */;
  using atomic_unsigned_lock_free = /* 설명 참조 */;
  // 플래그 타입과 연산
  struct atomic_flag;
  bool atomic_flag_test(const volatile atomic_flag*) noexcept;
  bool atomic_flag_test(const atomic_flag*) noexcept;
  bool atomic_flag_test_explicit(const volatile atomic_flag*, memory_order) noexcept;
  bool atomic_flag_test_explicit(const atomic_flag*, memory_order) noexcept;
  bool atomic_flag_test_and_set(volatile atomic_flag*) noexcept;
  bool atomic_flag_test_and_set(atomic_flag*) noexcept;
  bool atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit(volatile atomic_flag*, memory_order) noexcept;
  bool atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit(atomic_flag*, memory_order) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_clear(volatile atomic_flag*) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_clear(atomic_flag*) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_clear_explicit(volatile atomic_flag*, memory_order) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_clear_explicit(atomic_flag*, memory_order) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_wait(const volatile atomic_flag*, bool) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_wait(const atomic_flag*, bool) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_wait_explicit(const volatile atomic_flag*,
                                 bool, memory_order) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_wait_explicit(const atomic_flag*,
                                 bool, memory_order) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_notify_one(volatile atomic_flag*) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_notify_one(atomic_flag*) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_notify_all(volatile atomic_flag*) noexcept;
  void atomic_flag_notify_all(atomic_flag*) noexcept;
  // fences
  extern "C" void atomic_thread_fence(memory_order) noexcept;
  extern "C" void atomic_signal_fence(memory_order) noexcept;
}
// deprecated
namespace std {
  template<class T>
    void atomic_init(volatile atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    void atomic_init(atomic<T>*, typename atomic<T>::value_type) noexcept;
  #define ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(value) /* 설명 참조 */
  #define ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT /* 설명 참조 */
}

클래스 템플릿 std::atomic 

namespace std {
  template<class T> struct atomic {
    using value_type = T;
    static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free = /* 구현 정의 */;
    bool is_lock_free() const volatile noexcept;
    bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
    // 원자적 타입에 대한 연산들
    constexpr atomic() noexcept(is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<T>);
    constexpr atomic(T) noexcept;
    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;
    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
    T load(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
    T load(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    operator T() const volatile noexcept;
    operator T() const noexcept;
    void store(T, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    void store(T, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    T operator=(T) volatile noexcept;
    T operator=(T) noexcept;
    T exchange(T, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    T exchange(T, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T&, T, memory_order, memory_order) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T&, T, memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T&, T, memory_order, memory_order) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T&, T, memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T&, T,
                               memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T&, T, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T&, T,
                                 memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T&, T, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    void wait(T, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
    void wait(T, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    void notify_one() volatile noexcept;
    void notify_one() noexcept;
    void notify_all() volatile noexcept;
    void notify_all() noexcept;
  };
}

정수형에 대한 std::atomic 특수화 

namespace std {
  template<> struct atomic</* integral */> {
    using value_type = /* integral */;
    using difference_type = value_type;
    static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free = /* 구현 정의 */;
    bool is_lock_free() const volatile noexcept;
    bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
    constexpr atomic() noexcept;
    constexpr atomic(/* integral */) noexcept;
    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;
    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
    void store(/* integral */, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    void store(/* integral */, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator=(/* integral */) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator=(/* integral */) noexcept;
    /* integral */ load(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ load(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    operator /* integral */() const volatile noexcept;
    operator /* integral */() const noexcept;
    /* integral */ exchange(/* integral */,
                        memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* 정수형 */ exchange(/* integral */,
                        memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                               memory_order, memory_order) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                               memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                                 memory_order, memory_order) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                                 memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                               memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                               memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                                 memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                                 memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_add(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_add(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_sub(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_sub(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_and(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_and(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_or(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_or(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_xor(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_xor(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_max(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_max(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_min(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_min(/* integral */,
                         memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator++(int) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator++(int) noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator--(int) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator--(int) noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator++() volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator++() noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator--() volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator--() noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator+=(/* integral */) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator+=(/* integral */) noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator-=(/* integral */) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator-=(/* integral */) noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator&=(/* integral */) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator&=(/* integral */) noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator|=(/* integral */) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator|=(/* integral */) noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator^=(/* integral */) volatile noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator^=(/* integral */) noexcept;
    void wait(/* integral */,
              memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
    void wait(/* integral */, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    void notify_one() volatile noexcept;
    void notify_one() noexcept;
    void notify_all() volatile noexcept;
    void notify_all() noexcept;
  };
}

부동 소수점 타입을 위한 std::atomic 특수화 

namespace std {
  template<> struct atomic</* 부동소수점 */> {
    using value_type = /* 부동소수점 */;
    using difference_type = value_type;
    static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free = /* 구현에 따라 정의됨 */;
    bool is_lock_free() const volatile noexcept;
    bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
    constexpr atomic() noexcept;
    constexpr atomic(/* 부동 소수점 */) noexcept;
    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;
    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
    void store(/* 부동소수점 */,
               memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    void store(/* 부동소수점 */,
               memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ operator=(/* 부동소수점 */) volatile noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ operator=(/* 부동소수점 */) noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* 부동 소수점 */ load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
    operator /* 부동소수점 */() volatile noexcept;
    operator /* 부동소수점 */() noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ exchange(/* 부동소수점 */,
                            memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ exchange(/* 부동소수점 */,
                            memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* 부동 소수점 */&, /* 부동소수점 */,
                               memory_order, memory_order) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* 부동소수점 */&, /* 부동 소수점 */,
                               memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* 부동 소수점 */&, /* 부동소수점 */,
                                 memory_order, memory_order) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* 부동소수점 */&, /* 부동소수점 */,
                                 memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* 부동소수점 */&, /* 부동 소수점 */,
                               memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* 부동소수점 */&, /* 부동소수점 */,
                               memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* 부동 소수점 */&, /* 부동소수점 */,
                                 memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* 부동소수점 */&, /* 부동소수점 */,
                                 memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* 부동 소수점 */ fetch_add(/* 부동소수점 */,
                             memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ fetch_add(/* 부동소수점 */,
                             memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ fetch_sub(/* 부동소수점 */,
                             memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ fetch_sub(/* 부동소수점 */,
                             memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ operator+=(/* 부동소수점 */) volatile noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ operator+=(/* 부동소수점 */) noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ operator-=(/* 부동소수점 */) volatile noexcept;
    /* 부동소수점 */ operator-=(/* 부동소수점 */) noexcept;
    void wait(/* 부동소수점 */,
              memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
    void wait(/* 부동소수점 */,
              memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    void notify_one() volatile noexcept;
    void notify_one() noexcept;
    void notify_all() volatile noexcept;
    void notify_all() noexcept;
  };
}

포인터 타입을 위한 std::atomic 의 특수화 

namespace std {
  template<class T> struct atomic<T*> {
    using value_type = T*;
    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
    static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free = /* 구현 정의 */;
    bool is_lock_free() const volatile noexcept;
    bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
    constexpr atomic() noexcept;
    constexpr atomic(T*) noexcept;
    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;
    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
    void store(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    void store(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    T* operator=(T*) volatile noexcept;
    T* operator=(T*) noexcept;
    T* load(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
    T* load(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    operator T*() const volatile noexcept;
    operator T*() const noexcept;
    T* exchange(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    T* exchange(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*,
                               memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*,
                               memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*,
                                 memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*,
                                 memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    T* fetch_add(ptrdiff_t, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    T* fetch_add(ptrdiff_t, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    T* fetch_sub(ptrdiff_t, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    T* fetch_sub(ptrdiff_t, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    T* fetch_max(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    T* fetch_max(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    T* fetch_min(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    T* fetch_min(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    T* operator++(int) volatile noexcept;
    T* operator++(int) noexcept;
    T* operator--(int) volatile noexcept;
    T* operator--(int) noexcept;
    T* operator++() volatile noexcept;
    T* operator++() noexcept;
    T* operator--() volatile noexcept;
    T* operator--() noexcept;
    T* operator+=(ptrdiff_t) volatile noexcept;
    T* operator+=(ptrdiff_t) noexcept;
    T* operator-=(ptrdiff_t) volatile noexcept;
    T* operator-=(ptrdiff_t) noexcept;
    void wait(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
    void wait(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    void notify_one() volatile noexcept;
    void notify_one() noexcept;
    void notify_all() volatile noexcept;
    void notify_all() noexcept;
  };
}

클래스 템플릿 std:: atomic_ref 

namespace std {
  template<class T> struct atomic_ref {
  private:
    T* ptr;             // 설명 전용
  public:
    using value_type = T;
    static constexpr size_t required_alignment = /* 구현 정의 */;
    static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free = /* 구현 정의 */;
    bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
    explicit atomic_ref(T&);
    atomic_ref(const atomic_ref&) noexcept;
    atomic_ref& operator=(const atomic_ref&) = delete;
    void store(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    T operator=(T) const noexcept;
    T load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    operator T() const noexcept;
    T exchange(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T&, T,
                               memory_order, memory_order) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T&, T,
                                 memory_order, memory_order) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T&, T,
                               memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T&, T,
                                 memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    void wait(T, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    void notify_one() const noexcept;
    void notify_all() const noexcept;
  };
}

정수형에 대한 std:: atomic_ref 전문화 

namespace std {
  template<> struct atomic_ref</* integral */> {
  private:
    /* integral */* ptr;        // 설명용으로만 사용
  public:
    using value_type = /* integral */;
    using difference_type = value_type;
    static constexpr size_t required_alignment = /* 구현 정의 */;
    static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free = /* 구현 정의 */;
    bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
    explicit atomic_ref(/* integral */&);
    atomic_ref(const atomic_ref&) noexcept;
    atomic_ref& operator=(const atomic_ref&) = delete;
    void store(/* integral */, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator=(/* integral */) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    operator /* integral */() const noexcept;
    /* integral */ exchange(/* integral */,
                      memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                               memory_order, memory_order) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                                 memory_order, memory_order) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                               memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* integral */&, /* integral */,
                                 memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_add(/* integral */,
                       memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_sub(/* integral */,
                       memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_and(/* integral */,
                       memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_or(/* integral */,
                      memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_xor(/* integral */,
                       memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_max(/* integral */,
                       memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ fetch_min(/* integral */,
                       memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator++(int) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator--(int) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator++() const noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator--() const noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator+=(/* integral */) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator-=(/* integral */) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator&=(/* integral */) const noexcept;
    /* integral */ operator

부동 소수점 타입을 위한 std:: atomic_ref 전문화 

namespace std {
  template<> struct atomic_ref</* floating-point */> {
  private:
    /* floating-point */* ptr;  // 설명용으로만 사용
  public:
    using value_type = /* floating-point */;
    using difference_type = value_type;
    static constexpr size_t required_alignment = /* 구현에 따라 정의됨 */;
    static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free = /* 구현에 따라 정의됨 */;
    bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
    explicit atomic_ref(/* floating-point */&);
    atomic_ref(const atomic_ref&) noexcept;
    atomic_ref& operator=(const atomic_ref&) = delete;
    void store(/* floating-point */, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* floating-point */ operator=(/* floating-point */) const noexcept;
    /* floating-point */ load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    operator /* floating-point */() const noexcept;
    /* floating-point */ exchange(/* floating-point */,
                            memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* floating-point */&, /* floating-point */,
                               memory_order, memory_order) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* floating-point */&, /* floating-point */,
                                 memory_order, memory_order) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(/* floating-point */&, /* floating-point */,
                               memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(/* floating-point */&, /* floating-point */,
                                 memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* floating-point */ fetch_add(/* floating-point */,
                             memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* floating-point */ fetch_sub(/* floating-point */,
                             memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    /* floating-point */ operator+=(/* floating-point */) const noexcept;
    /* floating-point */ operator-=(/* floating-point */) const noexcept;
    void wait(/* floating-point */, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    void notify_one() const noexcept;
    void notify_all() const noexcept;
  };
}

포인터 타입을 위한 std:: atomic_ref 특수화 

namespace std {
  template<class T> struct atomic_ref<T*> {
  private:
    T** ptr;        // 설명용으로만 사용
  public:
    using value_type = T*;
    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
    static constexpr size_t required_alignment = /* 구현에 따라 정의됨 */;
    static constexpr bool is_always_lock_free = /* 구현에 따라 정의됨 */;
    bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
    explicit atomic_ref(T*&);
    atomic_ref(const atomic_ref&) noexcept;
    atomic_ref& operator=(const atomic_ref&) = delete;
    void store(T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    T* operator=(T*) const noexcept;
    T* load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    operator T*() const noexcept;
    T* exchange(T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*,
                               memory_order, memory_order) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*,
                                 memory_order, memory_order) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*,
                               memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*,
                                 memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    T* fetch_add(difference_type, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    T* fetch_sub(difference_type, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
    T* fetch_max(T *, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    T* fetch_min(T *, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    T* operator++(int) const noexcept;
    T* operator--(int) const noexcept;
    T* operator++() const noexcept;
    T* operator--() const noexcept;
    T* operator+=(difference_type) const noexcept;
    T* operator-=(difference_type) const noexcept;
    void wait(T*, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    void notify_one() const noexcept;
    void notify_all() const noexcept;
  };
}

클래스 std::atomic_flag 

namespace std {
  struct atomic_flag {
    constexpr atomic_flag() noexcept;
    atomic_flag(const atomic_flag&) = delete;
    atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&) = delete;
    atomic_flag& operator=(const atomic_flag&) volatile = delete;
    bool test(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
    bool test(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    bool test_and_set(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    bool test_and_set(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    void clear(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
    void clear(memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) noexcept;
    void wait(bool, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
    void wait(bool, memory_order = memory_order::seq_cst) const noexcept;
    void notify_one() volatile noexcept;
    void notify_one() noexcept;
    void notify_all() volatile noexcept;
    void notify_all() noexcept;
  };
}